Analyzing Pro Forma Statements Essay

Financial statements that are prepared by a company to consider the effects of potential activity is considered a pro forma statements. A financial statement shows the projected or forecast of operating results and balance sheet, and statement of cash flows. The company XYZ Company Inc. is planning to expand their company in the next five years. This paper will review and discuss XYZ’s Company’s five year plan to expand to their organization. The XYZ Companies pro forma income statement is projected for the next five years which accounts for a 10% increase in gross sales for each of the five years. Financial managers use Proforma statements to assist financial managers to plan accordingly in terms of the company’s financial needs. By acquiring the company’s future income statement and balance sheets, managers can determine how much financing is needed and when it is needed. The Proforma analysis has become the proven tool that can be instrumental for general managers in the planning of employment intensities, inventory and problem solving issues. Proforma can also be used for more than just a forecasting tool. It can also be used for creating mid-stream corrections, evaluate variances, gauge weaknesses, strengths and evaluating performance during the budgeting period. By forecasting Proforma statements are created to predict balances at a certain date followed by combining them with a financial statement format. Acquiring the forces that influence them, one can determined how account balances are forecasted and project how the accounts may be influenced. The following is used to illustrate the ProForma’s five year projection process for XYZ’s Company. Revenue will increase twice in the year 2011 and afterwards continue to increase 10% in the next year. Cost of revenue will be based on total sales percentage. Presented is the Performa statement of the organization for the next five years. XYZ Company Inc.: 2011|2012|2013|2104|2015 It has been established that in the above Proforma balance sheet one has assumed that current liability and current asset has increased in the ratio of sales. In addition, the company has taken on a loan to meet the capital expansion as well as working capital’s needs. Reference University of Phoenix, (2015) â€Å"Analyzing Pro Forma Statements† retrieved from https://newclassroom3.phoenix.edu/Classroom/#/contextid/OSIRIS:44656217/context/co/view/activityDetails/activity/53c06956-87e9-4050-8ecc-815e914705e0/expan

Criminal Justice Integration Project

Criminal Justice Integration Project University of Phoenix Javon Lewis, Prysanthum Armstrong, Brigit Williams, and Deon Hagerty AJS/502 Harry Kirk, Instructor November 12, 2012 Criminal Justice Integration Project There are many prison facilities that are ran privately today. These facilities are known to better rehabilitate those convicted upon entering society again. Team B has developed a private prison to house those individuals who are convicted of committing crimes. Team B has also implemented different programs within the facility in hopes to deter the convicted of being repeat offenders.Unlike other privatized facilities, our major focus is not to lock up as many people as possible. We will actually focus on making them better individuals so that they can reenter the world without having criminal thoughts. The remainder of this paper will include the policies for our facility. This paper also discus the budgets, projected revenue sources and expenditures, communications, and technology. In addition, it will elaborate on cultural or sub-cultural aspects of the organization as a whole. Policies and ProceduresIn order to properly run the private facility, we will have a set of policies to abide by. Without rules and regulations, any organization can and will be chaotic. There will be a zero tolerance for harassment, whether it is towards correction officers or the prisoners. Harassment can lead to law suits and will in turn cost the facility unnecessary money that could have been used for something else. Some forms of harassment can include sexual and discrimination. It is considered unlawful to harass an individual because of their gender.Sexual harassment can include unwanted sexual behaviors, sexual favors, and other verbal sexual content. Harassment does not always have to include sexual intent. It can contain remarks about a person’s gender. This is where discrimination comes into play. If any employee practices harassment in the workplace, the y will be reported and possibly terminated depending on the circumstance. We will also follow a code of ethics. The code of ethics will help the company to remain fair in any given situation that may arise. Budget Our budget will consist of grants, donations, and tax payer dollars.We will apply for state funding yearly and follow all necessary steps in order to receive that funding. According to the state, we will need a certain amount of prisoners in order to receive the amount of grants that we need. Other funding will come from donations. We will hold monthly meetings where the public can share their ideas and views for our facility. At the meetings, we will collect donations to help support our facility and the different programs that we will offer. Last but not least, funding will come from tax payer dollars. This portion of funding will assist the organization out a great deal.Tax payers may be upset about their money going towards a facility but it will help them out as well. They are helping to keep criminals off of the streets. Over the years, we will come up with other ways to generate funding for our facility. Communications Communication is a very important aspect of any venue. In this Criminal Justice Integration Project our communication with inmate to inmate, inmate to guard, guard to guard, and so on. These communication techniques are how we stay accessible to the world. We share information with the family of the prisoners, by using the telephone.If their loved one is in our facility and they have a major issues such as they are gravely ill or in need of a major surgery, we contact them by telephone. The prisoners are entered into a database once they enter into our facility. The database will be on a website on the internet and will be searchable by name, date of birth, or prison number. This database will be available for anyone who has access to the internet as well as to the government site we participate in. They must have the informatio n of the prisoner correct in order to see the prisoner information.When visitors enter the facility they must be on the visitors list. Anyone who comes to the facility without prior authorization will not be acknowledged. Visitors will be allowed to visit the prisoner for a limited time. Conversations between visitors and prisoners will be monitored at all times and maybe used later if needed in a case. In our facility, help groups will be established with the prisoners. Our duty is to try to rehabilitate the prisoners in the system if they want to be rehabilitated. We will have a group of prisoners in a guarded room in the facility, with counselors who can speak to them in a group.The prisoners at some point may be able to help one another understand what their issues have been in the past that helped to lead them to the situation that caused them to be sentenced to this facility. Our goal as a helping group for the inmate is to get them to understand if they are ever eligible for parole what they can do in life to avoid the situation that put them in prison in the first place or ways to think quickly to a less dangerous situation where they will be able to make a better choice in life. Our facility offers one-on-one counseling.This counseling will take place between a prisoner and a criminal social service counselor in a guarded room. The counselor will be able to have multiple sessions with prisoners to find the root of their problem and hopefully be able to work on ways to resolve some of their underline issues. They will be able to find the reasons that lead to them ending up with a prison sentence and find out the base problems of why the prisoners begin to act the way they do and what can we do to change the way they think. What issued cause them to change from an innocent child to a vicious adult are more issues that they will address.Our facility will have prisoner interviews to see what are the thoughts and feelings of the prisoners is after their he lping program to analyze if they are being helped by the programs, if their ideas of life have changed, if they developed any goals and are there any chances or rehabilitation as we hoped. We will assess the prisoners weekly until we have made of final determination of rather they are leading in the right direction truthfully or are they faking their rehab just to try to get an early release. The Components of Prison SecurityAs all prison becomes more and more over crowded and the internal problems continue to rise, it is very important for the facility to be able to maintain control and stability both inside and outside the prison. Although there are several different means of security measures that are put in place, it is hard to say whether or not the security can be achieved because of the layout of the prison or is it due to the trained professional who makes the difference whether or not the facility is secure well enough or not. Both of these factors play a vital role in keep ing the prison facility as safe as it is going to be for both inside and out.Technology and Physical Security The physical layout of a prison is actually very important. The role is twofold: this is made in order to keep society out and the inmates in. This being said, this is why prisons are built with high walls, tall fences, and you cannot forget the different forms of security that are also being used according to the Department of Corrections Services. It is believed that the lay out, design and age and level of maintenance of a prison has a direct on impact on the safety and level of security. Department of Correctional Services, 2003). The department describes physical security as â€Å"the prison building itself, the layout thereof, the design as well as the fixed security systems that are attached to the building as close circuit television, security fences, alarm and detection systems, etc. â€Å"(DCS, 2003). With this being understood, you can understand why the prison designs play a major role in the prison system. Pretty much every day more and more innovations are being introduced as ways to be able to improve security form now and into the future.In 1999, the Federal Bureau of prisons had about 120,000 inmates under their watch, having this many inmates it is great to have technology to depend on in order to keep the prison safe as much as possible. With technology on the side of The Department of Corrections they were able to develop a new system that helps prisons to keep track of all vehicles that come in and leave their facility, this system is called AVIAN- Advance Vehicle Interrogation and Notification System, This system detects the presence of persons hidden in vehicles and notifies security guards of potential escape.Using the data from seismic sensors that are placed or the vehicle, the AVIAN reads the shock waves generated by the human heart, which then couples to another surface or object with which the body is in contact. It colle cts the data and analyzes them with advanced signals processing algorithms to detect hidden persons in less than two minutes. (Federal Bureau of Prisons, 1999)Another form of security is the classification and reclassification, combine with the proper placement of the prisoners, things like this are considered to be very important factors of security.Prisoners are divided up by their different risks they pose to their fellow prisoners, and the community. The prisoners are sorted by different levels or categories and this is decided by how much of a threat the offender is to society (Category â€Å"A† prisoner and very dangerous to society, the police, and the state. ) If someone in this category were to escape they would be considered to be very dangerous to the outside community. Prisoners that fall into the category B do not have to be in such of a high risk security facility, but escape is still made to be very difficult to do.Prisoners who are in the â€Å"C† still cannot be trusted in open conditions, but they do not have the ability or resources to make a determined escape attempt. The prisoners in the â€Å"D† categories are considered to be trust worthy and they are allowed to serve their time without being totally confined, they serve their sentences in an open environment (Price, 1999). An allocation refers to the placement of a prisoner in a certain situations, which can include certain institutions, which includes the local jails, a state penitentiary, or even a federal prison. Cultural AspectsThe culture of prison facilities is very important in terms of positive leadership. Culture sets â€Å"the values, assumptions and beliefs that drive the way people think and behave at work† (Flaherty-Zonis, 2009). It sets the tone of the prison facility and how it operates. In recent discoveries, there has been a proven need for a more unified prison system across the country. They have been shown to â€Å"often operate as if the y are comprised of independent parts—the silos we hear about and experience. The staff of each part knows very well their perceived level of importance and the power of their voice.All too often, voices that are not as highly valued, coming from staff who are nonetheless critical to the running of the facility, are not heard, or are stifled and disregarded† (Flaherty-Zonis, 2009). This process must change. The staff is one of the most important factors to the successful operation of a correctional facility. They know firsthand what it is like to deal with prisoners and the voice of the staff is what keeps the prison’s culture intact. It is very common for prison sub-cultures to exist and create differentiators.This derives from the camaraderie that is being sought. Some discoveries have shown â€Å"the cultures in corrections facilities to be dominated by the following characteristics: conventional, â€Å"don’t rock the boat† thinking; a pattern of dependence, with a value on following rather than leading; avoidance of conflict, leaving many disagreements unresolved and even unidentified; a high level of oppositional behavior, focusing on what is wrong and holding on to past wrongs rather than working to find solutions; and a limited willingness to share power and information† (Flaherty-Zonis, 2009).The goal of our facility is to create a culture of positive leadership for staff as well as prisoners to follow. In the implementation of our â€Å"Positive Leaders Program†, we strive to create conceptualizations to accomplish tasks and create common understandings amongst staff and prisoners. Due to the fact that employees have direct dealings in the facilities with prisoners, we want to give them added responsibility to ensure that they are completely involved in this program. This will allow them to have a distinctive voice and always be interactive.Having strong leadership and employee interaction calls for a gre at deal of readiness and willingness to be direct and straightforward. The involvement of the staff is very important because individual participation forms and strengthens cultural group dynamics. This is where the staff works together to create a common process or understanding. In order to implement a successful and positive culture, we need a strategic planning process which is composed of shared ideology and focuses on strategic thinking, planning, management and response.We believe that following a strategic plan and sharing the ideas of everyone will allow for a great respect towards our culture, organizational diversity and pride. We want to encourage employees to remain involved in the development of a positive culture so that inmates feel like more than just a number. We want to be able to effectively implement programs and community sanctions to help improve the personal lives of prisoners so that they find inspiration to maintain a positive attitude and outlook while ser ving their prison term. DiscussionThe private facility that Team B will start for housing convicted prisoners will indeed be a success. The many programs that we will offer and implement such as the one on one counseling and prisoner interviews will be life changing for them, and assist them with making the right decisions upon entering society again. The security measures that we have in place will secure all inmates as well as correctional officers. The cultural aspects leadership program will aide prisoners to be more positive individuals so that they will have a better chance at not being a repeat offender.Overall, this facility will attempt to focus more on rehabilitation rather than punishment. Everyone deserves a second chance at life, and that’s what we plan on giving our housed inmates. References American Jail Association (1993). American Jail Association Code of Ethics. Retrieved January 28, 2003, from http://www. corrections. com/aja/resolutions/index. html Associ ated Press (2001). Prison escape probe to focus on lax security. Retrieved January 28, 2003, from http://www. clickonsa. om/ant/news/stories/news-20010108-085202. html Department of Correctional Services (2003). Safety and security. Retrieved February19, 2003, from http://www. dcs. gov. za/OffenderManagement/Safetyandsecurity. htm Federal Bureau of Prisons (1999). Introducing AVIAN. Retrieved February 5, 2003, from http://www. heartbeat-detector-avian. com Flaherty-Zonis, C. (2009). Corrections Systems: Creating Positive Culture and Dynamic Leadership. Retrieved October 22, 2012 from http://www. corrections. om/news/article/22540-corrections-systems-creating-positive-culture-and-dynamic-leadership Goldberg, E. & Evans, L. (1995). The prison industrial complex and the global economy. Retrieved April 22, 2003, from http://www. prisonactivist. org/crisis/evans-goldberg. html Johnson, A. (2000, July 28). Security at prison in doubt, union says. The Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved February 19, 2003, from http://www. dispatch. com/news/newsfea00/jul00/364974. html Liberty (2002, August). Allocation. Retrieved April 22, 2003 from http://www. ourrights. org. uk Price, D. (1999). Questions and answers about security categorization. Retrieved February 5, 2003, from http://www. postcardsfromprison. com/research/catsecfq. htm Schlosser, E. (1998). The prison-industrial complex. Retrieved April 4, 2003, from http://theatlantic. com/issues/98dec/prisons. htm Vertuno. J. (1999). Prison official says guards receive more than recommended training. Texas News. Retrieved April 22, 2003 from http://www. texnews. com/1998/1999/texas/prison0130. html

Sigmund Freud s Theory Of Psychology - 1233 Words

Sigmund Freud is the idealist that concepted the idea of verbal psychotherapy, Freudian Psychology. His theories of psychoanalysis are based upon understand the unconscious mind. His ideals portray that there are three key components that are responsible for a human beings personality. These components include id, ego and superego. Freud s major contributions to todays society and study of psychology are his theories on the unconscious mind, dreams, libido, infantile sexuality, repression and transference. Freud began working on his theories in the late nineteenth century. Freud studied and gained his doctorate in medicine at the university of vienna in 1881. He then shortly after began his own practices and studies on hysteria and hypnosis, leading to the creation of his theories on id, ego, and superego. The first component of freudian psychoanalysis and conception of the human personality is id. The is where the first instincts and primitive behavior derive from. This is his totally subconscious part of personality that is with a person from birth. The whole reason behind this is his ideas on immediate gratification of wants and needs. Id is responsible for our feelings of the most basic needs like hunger and thirst. His theory means we all have a subcinscious want or need for somethings like attention or compassion. This is how Freud relates directly to Nathaniel Hawthorne s novel The Scarlet letter. Hester the profound adulterer in a strict puritan community neededShow MoreRelatedSigmund Freud s Theory Of Psychology1222 Words   |  5 Pagesof Europe, an Austrian neurologist and founder of psychoanalysis named Sigmund Freud constructed an original approach to the understanding of human psychology. Prior to the founding of psychoanalysis, mental illness was thought to come from so me kind of deterioration or disease rooted in the brain. 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The conversations seem to lead to Freud versus another imperative person in the field, such as B.F. Skinner. According to Overskeid (2007) most research articles focus on the difference between the two. Here the author takes a different approach, looks at similarities within the psychanalysis dynamics. The two agreed upon human predicament that people are controlled by forces which they are not conscious (OverskeidRead MoreSigmund Freud s Theory Of Psychology1299 Words   |  6 Pagesand touch known as the â€Å"mesmeric pass† (Kirsch et.al., 1995). Psychoanalysis was introduced by Sigmund Freud. Freud conceptualized the mind, metaphorically, as an ancient, buried ruin which had to been unearthed much like an archeologist would unearth the treasures of an ancient civilization. Freud s influence can be traced from his hard core natural science background as a student of neurology. 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Freud was a firm believer in the notion that sex and aggression is the root of motivation for all human behavior and many people agree with him, but one of his former collogues, Alfred Adler, would come to disagree with this ideaRead MoreSigmund Freud s Theory Of Psychology1939 Words   |  8 Pagesdevelopments in psychology that support the where our development into each stage come from. For starters there’s Sigmund Freud, a main contributor to psychology (neurologist), that believed there is a specific order in the stages of development. His stages are called Psychosexual Stages of Development. The Five stages include Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latent, and Genital. (As seen in Figure 1) These developments are more on the physical side to growing into puberty and so on. Freuds ideas are the first

Xm Satellite Tv For Pc Radio - 1781 Words

Sirius XM satellite TV for PC Radio is an American broadcasting business enterprise that gives three satellites TV for PC radio and online communication services running inside the U.S.A. Sirius satellite TV for PC Radio, XM Satellite Radio, and Sirius XM Radio. The business enterprise additionally has an initial funding in Canada called SiriusXM Canada, an associate-employer that gives Sirius and XM provider in Canada. At the end of 2013, Sirius reorganized their company structure, which made Sirius XM Radio Inc. a right away, utterly owned subsidiary of Sirius XM Holdings, Inc. CURRENT PERFORMANCE Deal seekers have acknowledged for years that they can seize a chunk of Sirius XM Radio (NASDAQ: SIRI) at a reduction by way of shopping for†¦show more content†¦Diehard Sirius XM buyers had been apprehensive approximately shopping for Liberty Media as a proxy for Sirius XM and the same worry might also maintain properly for the new Liberty Sirius tracking inventory. Speculators might also experience that there s a greater ability for charge swings inside the low priced stock of Sirius XM than the Liberty Media .there may be speculative enchantment to stocks trading in the single numbers, but that doesn t regularly play out that way. Sirius XM beat Liberty Media in 2014 and 2015, but Liberty Media became the larger winner in 2013.Sirius XM is preserving up well. It s rattled off consecutive profitable, and it lately announced that it delivered 465,000 internet subscribers during the first three months of this yr. There are now more than 30 million subscribers to satellite radio, yet both Sirius XM stock and Liberty Media had been marching in area thru the beyond years. If and while Sirius XM makes its subsequent flow higher you will have new ways to cash in at the rally. Sirius XM has vastly unique services than its competition, which consist of its very own authentic content material and an extensive array of sports and speak shows that aren t to be had to competitors. Sirius XM has seen its stock charge plummet due to growing opposition and selection by its controlling shareholder, Sirius XM, which pulled the plug onShow MoreRelatedChanges in the Dynamics of Pc Industry9535 Words   |  39 PagesENVIRONMENT Threat of New Entrants: Ø Medium to High - In the PC market any firm that discovers a new technology that is efficient in terms of price performance is an immediate threat to the industry. However, Established standards, start-up costs and established brands names (Intel, Windows) are difficult to overcome for a new entrant. Threat of substitute products: Ø High - The new forms of Information appliance like Digital TV / HDTV Digital set- top box Internet screen phones are gainingRead MoreStrategic Management20602 Words   |  83 PagesBoeing. Interestingly, Boeing only receives 50 percent of its revenue from the commercial aircraft division as a result of its diversiï ¬ cation strategy. The other 50 percent of its revenue comes from military contracts, as well as business from space satellite launching. Some crossover takes place in the technology used between military aircraft and commercial aircraft, which indirectly contributes to lower commercial aircraft development costs. This argument is used by Airbus when Boeing confronts itRead MoreGoogle Case Study14862 Words   |  60 Pagestendency to solve engineering problems instead of user problems ? Googles contextual ads continuously targeted by click fraud ? Googles failed efforts offline Opportunities ? Advertising partnership with Yahoo ? Experimental partnerships wi th radio and print media ? Acquisitions of businesses (YouTube, DoubleClick) ? Other partnerships (AOL Time Warner, NASA, News. Corp.) ? Increase in online advertising ? Online video increasing ? Google engineers are encouraged to spend 20% of their work

The Rapture Essay - 723 Words

The Rapture It isnt exactly a secret that these times are known as the end times. Im not necessarily saying that everyone believes that but I do believe that these are the times that are making the way for the Rapture. Which is when Jesus comes back again and takes away His children from the Earth and brings them to be with Him in Heaven. The world of Noah was barely different from the world around us today. Men and women were pursuing their diverse interests, business was exploding, sex was a common pastime, and the world of spirits was mixing with the ways of man. Every trend of our day was visible in Noahs day. Jesus Christ was careful to draw a comparison of these two generations. He stated, But as the days of Noah were,†¦show more content†¦Watch therefore: for ye know not what hour your Lord doth come. (Matthew 24:37-42). When you view the entire Scripture reference to the ark that God commanded Noah to build, it becomes a powerful prophetic example of the Person of Jesus Chris t and the protection and hope which we are invited to enjoy in Him. The ark is a beautiful picture of the Son of God as Redeemer and Deliverer to every generation. Its final fulfillment is the Rapture of the Bride of Jesus Christ just before the Tribulation. To me the ark is a symbol of the Rapture of the saved and the flood is a symbol of the Tribulation that the unsaved must enter. This can only be an example for someone who believes in Pre-Tribulation, which is believing that the Rapture of the Saints occurs before the Tribulation. This what I believe. He addresses believers: Why stand ye gazing up into heaven? This same Jesus, which is taken up from you into heaven, shall so come in like manner as ye have seen him go into heaven. (Acts 1:11) For they show us what manner of entering in we had unto you, and how ye turned to God from idols to serve the living and true God; And to wait for his Son from heaven, whom he raised from the dead, even Jesus, which delivered us from the wrath to come. (1 Thess 1:10) Paul provides further insight on the rapture in 1 Corinthians 15:51-55, Behold, I shew you a mystery; We shall not all sleep, but we shall all be changed, In a moment, in the twinkling of an eye,Show MoreRelatedTribulation Consists of Three Different Capital Beliefs772 Words   |  3 Pagesown biblical standpoint requiring beliefs based on when the return of Jesus. Some tribulation beliefs have strong biblical evidence while others lack biblical documentation. The rapture is a event that is tied into the tribulation because the Great Tribulation is based on when the rapture occurs. The rapture is a event where all non Christians will be left on earth while and all believers will go to heaven. 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The different elements of the Apocalypse (described in Revelation) fire, brimstone, war, famine, pestilence, and death are all indicatives of chaos within the world. Rapture-Palooza is a prime example of a movie that has great concept behind it, but struggles to actually contribute factual information regarding The Book of Revelation. The ideas of these kinds of movies are so absurd that you’re immediately drawn in; people desire theseRead MoreRapture Essay1247 Words   |  5 PagesThe Rapture theory is one of the most recent doctrines that has been adopted my modern Christians. There are 3 different phases of the rapture; pre-tribulation, mid-tribulation, and post tribulation but the general idea is that all Christians will be take up to heaven during the last days without warning. We all must be ready because it can happen at any given time due to the belief that we are in the time of the resurrection. The only clear depiction of a rapture is in the movies and fictional booksRead MoreFalse Doctrine And Its Effect On The Church1612 Words   |  7 Pagesbook, which was written by Hal Lindsey, is called The Late Great Planet Earth. This book was published in 1970 and it quickly became one of the best selling works of non-fiction in that decade (Rapture Ready). It has been published in more than 50 languages and has sold over 30 million copies (Rapture Ready). Those are sobering and terrifying numbers to this writer. How do we battle false doctrine such as this? The answer was, is, and will always be with truth! A careful examination of GodRead MoreDimmesdale Rapture1657 Words   |  7 Pagesend of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter, the Puritan minister Dimmesdale seems to find such a resolution for the inner torment he has imposed on himself in atonement for his affair with Hester. While Dimmesdale’s emotions escalate toward rapture at the suggestion of leaving his life of outward piety and private shame behind, he remains constrained by his past, both his moral foundation and the sin for which he is yet to take responsibility. Dimmesdale initially appreciates the fragile andRead MoreQuestions About Morality and Religion in Rapture Practice by Aaron Hartzler1547 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout the story of Rapture Practice many questions about religion and morality arise. As Aaron Hartzler, raised as a dedicated baptist since birth, matures, he discovers that his views differ from his parent’s and his church, and he struggles to come to terms with his beliefs. By finding a way to experience life outside of the house, Aaron realizes that religion does not necessarily make you an incorruptible person. How do religion and morality play into the themes of Rapture Practice? When Aaron

Love in a Silent World free essay sample

Love in a Silent World† is an article explaining some deaf histories and deaf cultures by describing the backgrounds of a young deaf couple, Mike and Monica. Mike, a Gallaudet college sophomore, is a â€Å"manualist†, meaning that he â€Å"does not speak† and that he only communicates â€Å"through sign language†. Monica, a Gallaudet college freshman, on the other hand, is an â€Å"oralist†, which tells people that she has learned â€Å"speech and lipreading† and that she used to be forbidden to communicate with others through sign language. Even though Mike and Monica are both deaf, they are very distinct from each other. In fact, Mike and Monica were lucky to have the opportunity to learn sign language because American Sign Language didn’t even existed in the past. American Sign Language was created after decades of which Charles Michel, a French Catholic cleric, founded the first public school for the deaf in the mid-18 century in Paris. Many people, at first, thought that deaf people must learn speech and lipreading. It wasn’t until the rise of a concept called Total Communication of the mid-70s, which encourages â€Å"an integrated combination of speech, lipreading, hearing aids and sign language†, that sign language gradually became popular. Unfortunately, the argument of whether deaf people should learn lipreading or sign language has already formed two sides of â€Å"the War of Methods†, resulting the debates between manualists and oralists, until now. Of course, there are several reasons that oralism can prevail for many generations. First of all, it’s easier for oralists than manualists to participate in the world where most people communicate with speech. For instance, when there’s no translator in a class with a hearing teacher, oralists are much more capable of learning the course than manualists. Secondly, oralists actually get to experience things when they learn to â€Å"grasp the meanings of words†. Children, as a result, develop their interests in learning languages. Although oralism has its advantages indeed, it, too, has some drawbacks. People have to â€Å"watch the tongue, the throat, †¦the teeth [and the lips]† at the same time when lipreading. Meanwhile, there are many words, like bed, mad, pad, mat, bat, pat, met, bet, and pet, etc, that look alike when pronouncing. Lipreading is limited by mumblings, bad light, distance, and mustaches. Besides, fewer than 10% of profoundly deaf people can imitate speech sounds. Those deaf people who can speak â€Å"either have some residual hearing or become deaf after they learned to talk. † Because the process of learning speech takes too long for deaf children, their communication skills during young age are greatly affect. Manualists claim that manualism is better due to the following points. Firstly, manualists lead their daily lives without much inconvenience. Teletypewriters enable deaf people talk to each other on phone. Light bulbs can function as an alarm clock. Doorbell flashers are as useful as any normal doorbell. Furthermore, deaf families can watch different TV programs at the same time and not distract each other at all. Secondly, since it’s easier for babies to control their hands than â€Å"the muscles of mouths†, the process of building vocabularies is even faster than hearing children when young. Most importantly, if the parents are both deaf, deaf children have much better communication with their parents through signing. Unlike those deaf children whose parents are hearing, manual children talk to their parents without language barriers. However, as oralists argue, manualism makes an â€Å"invisible handicap visible†; it takes away deaf people’s possibilities to fit into the mainstream society, [isolates] them from the hearing†. Therefore, manualism, like oralism, has both benefits and disadvantages for deaf people to concern. Before I’ve read this article, there are simply many things that I didn’t even think of. I didn’t notice the difference between a deaf person, who â€Å"grows up in an oral environment, never having met or talked with Deaf people†, and a Deaf person, who are more familiar with sign language since he/she was born. To me, there used to be only deaf people, who are not hearing. I had never deeply pondered about the feelings of a person who lost his/her hearing ability after he/she already touched the beauty of sounds, of music. Also, I had never wanted to ask myself if I were deaf, I would prefer to born deaf or hearing, to learn speech or sign. These are still questions I’m not able to answer right now, but, at least, this article motivates me to learn more about the challenges deaf people face each day, the joy they gain while being able to communicate, and the unique background even between each deaf person. This article makes me more grateful of what I have as a hearing person and of the fact that I may be able to befriend with deaf people in the future because I am learning American Sign Language now. Most importantly, when I read this article, the united spirit within the deaf community greatly surprises me. I’m amazed to see that some deaf people not only form â€Å"deaf athletic teams† but also found â€Å"deaf social clubs, deaf churches, †¦ [and] deaf senior citizens’ homes†, etc. Deaf people take care of each other in a way that some other minorities, such as blind people, cannot accomplish. Therefore, reading this article makes me strongly admire deaf people as well as helping me gain more knowledge about the deaf culture. Overall, I’m glad that I have the chance to read â€Å"Love in a Silent World†.

The letter box Essay Example

The letter box Paper John Searles Chinese room argument attempts to explain the difference between working machines and the human mind. Let us imagine that an English speaking man who knows no other language has been put in a small room. On the wall is a letter box and on the floor is a book of rules and a note pad. Every so often a piece of paper with Chinese writing is passed through the letterbox. The rulebook explains how to process the writing, it tells the man to copy certain characters onto the note pad. Thebook gives a code informing the man what should be written according to what is on the paper initially sent through the letter box. Once he has decoded the message he sends the reply back through the letterbox as an answer to the questions he received, obeying the rules contained in the book. As time goes by the man becomes more and more accomplished at his job. To a Chinese onlooker it would seem that the person in the room was a fluent Chinese speaker. Searle compares the activity of this man to the activity of a machine or computer. The man did not need to understand the Chinese to be able to give a perfect answer. In this way the computer does not understand or comprehend what it is doing, it only processes information. We will write a custom essay sample on The letter box specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The letter box specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The letter box specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Searle said that the man (and hence machine) lacked intentionality and possessed only a syntactical ability as opposed to a semantic one. This means that the machine is unable to be aware of the meaning of the information it processes even though it uses correct grammar to communicate with. Simply producing output in response to input according to certain rules does not constitute human thought. Searle uses this argument to refute the so-called Strong Artificial Intelligence position of some thinkers who believe that computer language does more than just represent human thought (via programming); rather, it really is human thought. A thought experiment arguing against Searles reasoning and supporting Strong AI is the Turing test. Alan Turing, who helped develop the first modern computers, claimed that in future years it could be possible to create a machine that had a mind. Turing imagined the following: There is an interrogator, a machine and a person. The interrogator is positioned in a separate room to the machine and the person. The person and machine are labelled either x or y, the interrogator is unaware which is x and which is y. The interrogator must ask x and y questions, his aim is to guess which is the machine and which is the person. The aim of the machine is to make the interrogator guess that the person is in fact the machine; the objective for the person is to help cause the interrogator to guess correctly. Turing believed that in the future it would be quite conceivable for a machine to trick the interrogator more than seventy percent of the time. Turing believed that this proved machines were capable of thinking. The problem with this argument is that just because the computer is capable of fooling the interrogator into believing it is human does not directly correspond to the conclusion that the machine is a thinking thing. It seems more likely that the computer has merely been programmed with the correct answers to use and in reality has no understanding of what his answers actually mean. Professor Jefferson argued, Not until a machine can write a sonnet or compose a concerto because of thoughts and emotions felt, and not by the chance fall of symbols, could we agree that machine equals brain-that is, not only write it but know that it had written it. No mechanism could feel (and not merely artificially signal, an easy contrivance) pleasure at its successes, grief when its valves fuse, be warmed by flattery, be made miserable by its mistakes, be charmed by sex, be angry or depressed when it cannot get what it wants. 3 Having awareness and knowledge of the content and meaning of thought is what Searle describes as intentionality and is a feature of human thinking which machines could never replicate because of their very nature as fabricated, artificial entities. In conclusion, I feel that it seems impossible for machines to ever have minds. The mind appears to be a purely metaphysical thing that could not be transplanted into a machine. Furthermore the process that a machine goes through is not thought but programming. Everything the machine knows comes from the maker. To say that machines have minds is like saying that even if an evil daemon controlled and planted every thought in our heads, we would still be free thinking beings with conscious minds. Personally I find it hard to conceive the monist approach, though some attempts are made to explain the mind from a monist perspective, which nonetheless gives the mind a special position that could not merely be recreated by fabricated, artificial machines. Such an approach is taken by those who see the mind as an emergent property of the physical composition of the body (specifically brain). A single molecule of water could not be wet or hot or cold; it is only on combining with many millions of molecules in a complex bundle that properties emerge that we associate with water. So with the mind our freedom and intentionality emerge from the very complex arrangement of our organic bodies, which are unique to humans and animals and could not be shared by machines. For most people using an argument from common sense it feels that our minds are free and unattached to our physical bodies. I therefore conclude that a purely physical man-made machine can never have a real mind of its own. And thus in reality it would make it impossible for James the Red Engines thought4 and emotions to actually exist.